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The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology. It was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s and has been extensively studied and refined since then. It has particular application in group decision making, and is used around the world in a wide variety of decision situations, in fields such as government, business, industry, healthcare, shipbuilding and education. Rather than prescribing a "correct" decision, the AHP helps decision makers find one that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions. Users of the AHP first decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of more easily comprehended sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate to any aspect of the decision problem—tangible or intangible, carefully measured or roughly estimated, well or poorly understood—anything at all that applies to the decision at hand. Once the hierarchy is built, the decision makers systematically evaluate its various elements by comparing them to each other two at a time, with respect to their impact on an element above them in the hierarchy. In making the comparisons, the decision makers can use concrete data about the elements, but they typically use their judgments about the elements' relative meaning and importance. It is the essence of the AHP that human judgments, and not just the underlying information, can be used in performing the evaluations. The AHP converts these evaluations to numerical values that can be processed and compared over the entire range of the problem. A numerical weight or priority is derived for each element of the hierarchy, allowing diverse and often incommensurable elements to be compared to one another in a rational and consistent way. This capability distinguishes the AHP from other decision making techniques. In the final step of the process, numerical priorities are calculated for each of the decision alternatives. These numbers represent the alternatives' relative ability to achieve the decision goal, so they allow a straightforward consideration of the various courses of action. Several firms supply computer software to assist in using the process. ==Uses and applications== While it can be used by individuals working on straightforward decisions, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is most useful where teams of people are working on complex problems, especially those with high stakes, involving human perceptions and judgments, whose resolutions have long-term repercussions. It has unique advantages when important elements of the decision are difficult to quantify or compare, or where communication among team members is impeded by their different specializations, terminologies, or perspectives. Decision situations to which the AHP can be applied include:〔 * Choice – The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives, usually where there are multiple decision criteria involved. * Ranking – Putting a set of alternatives in order from most to least desirable * Prioritization – Determining the relative merit of members of a set of alternatives, as opposed to selecting a single one or merely ranking them * Resource allocation – Apportioning resources among a set of alternatives * Benchmarking – Comparing the processes in one's own organization with those of other best-of-breed organizations * Quality management – Dealing with the multidimensional aspects of quality and quality improvement * Conflict resolution – Settling disputes between parties with apparently incompatible goals or positions〔 The applications of AHP to complex decision situations have numbered in the thousands, and have produced extensive results in problems involving planning, resource allocation, priority setting, and selection among alternatives.〔 Other areas have included forecasting, total quality management, business process re-engineering, quality function deployment, and the balanced scorecard.〔 Many AHP applications are never reported to the world at large, because they take place at high levels of large organizations where security and privacy considerations prohibit their disclosure. But some uses of AHP ''are'' discussed in the literature. Recently these have included: *Deciding how best to reduce the impact of global climate change (''Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei'') *Quantifying the overall quality of software systems (''Microsoft Corporation'') *Selecting university faculty (''Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania'') *Deciding where to locate offshore manufacturing plants (''University of Cambridge'') *Assessing risk in operating cross-country petroleum pipelines (''American Society of Civil Engineers'') *Deciding how best to manage U.S. watersheds (''U.S. Department of Agriculture'')〔 AHP is sometimes used in designing highly specific procedures for particular situations, such as the rating of buildings by historic significance. It was recently applied to a project that uses video footage to assess the condition of highways in Virginia. Highway engineers first used it to determine the optimum scope of the project, then to justify its budget to lawmakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Analytic hierarchy process」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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